Table 1.

Innate immunity. Anti- and pro-tumor functions of the immune cells in different cancer types.

Immune Cell Type	Anti-Tumor Immunity	Pro-Tumor/Immunosuppressive Immunity	References
Granulocytes	Neutrophils (N1): promote T cell cytotoxic function in human lung cancer Eosinophils: strong cytotoxic activity in human colon carcinoma cells Basophils: involved in CD8+ T cell infiltration in murine colon cancer	Neutrophils (N2): promote M2 phenotype macrophages in mouse lung cancer Eosinophils: inhibition of T and NK cell function in human NSCLC Basophils: reduction of CD8+ T cell infiltration both human and murine colon cancer	[153]/[97] [154,155]/[156] [157]/[158]
Mast cells	Cytolytic activity in breast cancer patients	Immunosuppression of T cells in human gastric cancer	[159]/[160]
Macrophages	(M1): Apoptosis in xenograft mice pancreatic cancer	(M2): Th1 responses suppression in mice breast tumor cells	[161]/[162]
Dendritic cells	CD103+cDC1s: cross-presentation, trafficking tumor antigen to lymph nodes and enhancement of effector CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients moDCs: capacity to scavenge tumor antigen in lung and CRC patients Langerhans cells: APC function in primary lung adenocarcinoma patients	CD103+cDC1s: impairment of anti-tumor CD8+ T-cell responses in human CRC moDCs: impairment of T cell activation in human SCC Langerhans cells: dysregulation of DOK via IL-1β in human OSCC cells	[163]/[164] [165]/[166] [98]/[167]
ILC Group 1	NK cells: elimination of tumor cells in leukaemia mouse model ILC1s cells: cytotoxicity through ILC1s-derived IFN-γ in early-stage of human multiple myeloma	NK cells: defect of cDC1 recruitment into the TME by NK cells in human gastric cancer cells ILC1s cells: inhibitors receptors expression at a late stage in CRC patients	[168]/[169] [170]/[171]
ILC Group 2	ILC2s: indirect support by enhancement of DCs and effector T cells in primary and metastatic murine lung	ILC2s: involved in MDSCs immunosuppressive function in human bladder cancer	[172]/[173]
ILC Group 3	ILC3s: contribute to tumor suppression by TLS, cytokines secretion and tumor cells recognition in human NSCLC	ILC3s: contribute to metastasis by secreting IL-17, IL-23 and IL-22 in human CRC	[174]/[174]

Abbreviations: N1,N2: N1/2-polarized neutrophils; M1,M2: M1/2-polarized macrophages; NK cells: natural killer cells; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer; DC: dendritic cells; cDC1s: conventional dendritic cells type 1; CRC: colorectal cancer; moDCs: monocyte-derived dendritic cells; SSC: squamous cell carcinoma; APC: antigen-presenting cells; DOK: dysplastic oral keratinocytes; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma; NK cells: natural killer cells; ILC1/2/3s: innate lymphoid cells 1/2/3; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TLS: tertiary lymphoid structures; IL: interleukin.