Table 2.
Adaptive immunity. Anti-and pro-tumor functions of the immune cells in different cancer types.
| Immune Cell Type | Anti-Tumor Immunity | Pro-Tumor/Immunosuppressive Immunity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| B cells | B cells: antibodies production in human lung cancer (anti-MUC1; anti-p53). |
B cells: immune complexes in human OSCC Breg cells: disruption of Th1/Th2 balance in human gastric cancer |
[371,376]/[370] [370] |
| CD4+ T cells | Th1: IFN-γ production in melanoma patients Th2: IL-10 production in primary human prostate cancer Th9: Granzyme production in human lung cancer Th17: induce apoptosis in human CRC Tfh: organisation of TLS in breast cancer patients Treg cells: only when subjected to conversion (to effector CD4+ T cells) as suggested in metastatic melanoma, gastrointestinal, and ovarian cancer patients |
Th1: defective function in both murine and human lung carcinoma Th2: IL-4 production induces EMT in human colon cancer. Th9: tumor metastasis in human lung cancer Th17: angiogenesis in human CRC Tfh: IgA+ cells in mice hepatocellular carcinoma. Treg cells: inhibition of effector T cells in glioblastoma and CRC patients |
[382]/[383] [384]/[385] [386]/[387] [388]/[389] [390]/[373] [391]/[392,393] |
| CD8+ T cells | Tc1: cytotoxic activity and high IFN-γ production in melanoma patients Tc17:IL-17A production in oesophageal SCC patients Tc22: through by IL-6 induction in human ovarian cancer γδ T cells: NKp30 cytotoxicity in human acute myeloid leukemia |
Tc1: low of IFN-γ, TNF-α and high levels of PD-1, incapacity to control tumor progression in melanoma patients Tc17: angiogenic and immunosuppressive function in human cancers such as HNSCC and gastric cancer Tc22: increase of IL-22 related to tumor growth in transplant-associated SSC patients γδ T cells: angiogenesis by IL-17 production in human gallbladder cancer |
[394]/[395] [396]/[397,398] [394]/[399] [400]/[401] |
Abbreviations: MUC1: mucin 1; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma; Breg cells: regulatory B cells; Th: T helper; Tfh: T follicular herlper; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; CRC: colorectal cancer; TLS: tertiary lymphoid structures; Treg cells: regulatory T cells; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; NKp30: natural killer cell protein 30 (number refer to its molecular weight).