Table 2.
Effects of housing calves individually (IH; n = 20) or in pairs (PH; n = 20, one focal calf/pair) from birth on total duration of behavior directed toward either stimulus calf in a social preference test conducted at 4 weeks of age (29.3 ± 1.9 d of age).
| Behavior 1 | Treatment | SE | F1,36 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IH | PH | ||||
| Attention directed | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.91 |
| Contact 2,3 | 0.21 (0.13, 0.31) |
0.17 (0.11, 0.26) |
- | 0.37 | 0.55 |
| Close proximity 3 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 0.23 | 5.38 | 0.03 |
| Far proximity 2,3 | 0.51 (0.39, 0.65) |
0.58 (0.45, 0.72) |
- | 0.51 | 0.48 |
| Latency to approach 2,4 | 0.32 (0.18, 0.58) |
0.21 (0.12, 0.37) |
- | 1.20 | 0.28 |
| Frequency of switching between calves 4 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 0.31 |
1 All durations calculated as total behavior directed toward either calf, with units in minutes. 2 Contact and far proximity were square-root transformed, and latency to approach was log-transformed to meet assumptions of normality. Back-transformed least squares means and 95% CI are shown. 3 Contact is defined has the focal calf having direct contact with any part of the stimulus calf through the wire pen; close proximity defined as <1 body length of the stimulus calf, but not physically touching the stimulus calf; far proximity defined as >1, <2 body lengths of the stimulus calf. 4 Latency to approach and frequency of switching between calves was based on being within the close proximity threshold of the stimulus calf.