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. 2022 Apr 4;12(7):928. doi: 10.3390/ani12070928

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The basic neurobiological systems of behavior evoke developmentally-dependent innate responses. For example, delimiting a territory by marking it with urine reflects the systematic activity of the rage/seeking/lust systems and begins at puberty. Courtship behavior, as in the case of the male penguin that sticks out its chest, raises its beak, and tilts its head back (lust/care systems). The suckling reflex in puppies (seeking, panic) and the establishment of dominance hierarchies in wolf packs (rage/seeking) are other examples. In every innate response, the main cerebral structures involved in the processing of its respective integration is schematized in the brain. ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; AMG: amygdala; BG: basal ganglia; HB: hindbrain; HT: hypothalamus; HyPAL: hyperpallium; InC: insular cortex; MB: midbrain; MePAL: mesopallium; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; PAG: periaqueductal gray; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; PFC: prefrontal cortex; SMC: sensorimotor cortex; Str: striatum; THAL: thalamus; VTA: ventral teg-mental area.