Table 2.

Animal studies evaluating the effects of pure anthocyanidins/anthocyanins and extracts rich in these compounds on prostate cancer.

Applied Species	Diet	Supplement	Anthocyanin Dosage	Effect/Observation	References
Athymic (nu/nu) male nude mice	An autoclaved diet ad libitum	Delphinidin	2 mg/animal in 100 AL of 1:10 ratio of DMSO three times a week for 12 weeks	Reduced the expression of NF-κB/p65, Bcl-2, Ki67, and PCNA	[81]
12-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats	A diet ad libitum	Anthocyanin extracted from black soybean	40, 80, and 160 mg/kg of anthocyanin daily for 4 weeks	Decreased the volume and suppressing the proliferation of the prostate	[82]
6-week-old male nude mice	Normal diet	Polyphenol-rich sweet potato greens extract	400 mg/kg polyphenol-rich sweet potato greens extract daily for 6 weeks	Inhibited growth and progression of prostate tumor xenografts by 69% in nude mice	[52]
12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats	n.d	Anthocyanin extracted from the seed coat of the black soybean	160 mg/kg of anthocyanin daily for 8 weeks	Prevented the rapid prostatic cell death by apoptosis in the prostate in an animal model of andropause	[83]
7-week-old male Kunming mice	Standard diet	Anthocyanin extract from bilberry	200 mg/kg of anthocyanins extract from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)	Enhanced the therapeutic effect of Pollen of Brassica napus L. on stress-provoked benign prostatic hyperplasia	[84]
Male Sprague-Dawley rats		Anthocyanin extracted from black soybean	50 mg/kg of anthocyanin extracted from black soybean twice a day for 2 weeks	Showed the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, as well as the synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin in chronic bacterial prostatitis	[85]
16-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats		Seoritae extract including isoflavone and anthocyanin	228 and 457 mg/kg of seoritae extract in 1 mL distilled water daily for 5 weeks	Reduced the prostate weight, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and 5α-reductase activity	[86]
6-week-old male BALB/c nude mice		Anthocyanin from black soybean	8 mg/kg of anthocyanin dissolved in 1 mL of distilled water daily for 14 weeks	Inhibited the progression of prostate cancer in a xenograft model.	[87]
8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats	Standard laboratory diet	Polymerized anthocyanin from grape skin	100 mg/kg of polymerized anthocyanin from polymerized anthocyanin daily for 4 weeks	Reduced the prostate weight in rats with testosterone propionate–induced BPH, decreased the AR, 5AR2, SRC1, PSA, PCNA, and cyclin D1 expression in prostate tissues, ameliorated the BPH-mediated increase of Bcl-2 expression, and increased the Bax expression.	[88]
7-week-old male Wistar rats	A diet ad libitum	Aronia melanocarpa containing C3G and cyanidin-3-xylose	100 mg/kg of Aronia melanocarpa extract daily for 6 weeks	Attenuated the development of testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia	[89]
Male FVB mice	Standard diet	Brazilian berry extract (Myrciaria jaboticaba)	2.9 and 5.8 g/kg of jaboticaba peel extract daily for 60 days	Exerted a dose-dependent effect controlling inflammation and oxidative-stress in aging and high-fat diet-fed aging mice prostate	[90]
Male heterozygous TRAP rats	A diet ad libitum	Anthocyanin-rich fraction from purple rice	0.2 or 1% of hexane insoluble fraction from a purple rice ethanolic extract daily for 10 weeks	Retarded carcinogenesis and castration-resistant cancer growth of prostate through suppression of androgen receptor mediated cell proliferation and metabolism	[60]

C3G: Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, n.d: not determined, TRAP: transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate, BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia.