Table 2.
Distribution of selected sociodemographic and other characteristics, and tobacco use, among men aged 15–59 who were HIV-positive and HIV-negative—2018 DHS, Zambia.
| Overall (n = 11,462) |
HIV-Positive (n = 923) |
HIV-Negative (n = 10,539) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Total | n/a | 8.4% (7.7–9.2%) |
91.6% (90.1–92.3%) |
| Age group 1 | |||
| 15–24 years | 40.2% (39.2–41.2%) |
8.5% (6.6–11.0%) |
43.1% (41.9–44.3%) |
| 25–34 years | 25.6% (24.6–26.5%) |
24.7% (21.7–28.1%) |
25.7% (24.7–26.6%) |
| 35–49 years | 26.3% (25.2–27.4%) |
49.8% (45.9–53.7%) |
24.2% (23.0–25.3%) |
| 50–59 years | 7.9% (7.4–8.5%) |
17.0% (14.3–20.0%) |
7.1% (6.6–7.6%) |
| Residence 1 | |||
| Urban | 44.0% (41.0–47.0%) |
60.7% (55.6–65.4%) |
42.5% (39.5–45.5%) |
| Rural | 56.0% (53.0–59.0%) |
39.4% (34.6–44.4%) |
57.5% (54.5–60.5%) |
| Highest education level attended or completed 1 | |||
| No education | 3.9% (3.4–4.6%) |
2.9% (1.8–4.7%) 2 |
4.0% (3.4–4.7%) |
| Primary | 39.2% (37.6–40.9%) |
35.5% (31.6–39.5%) |
39.5% (37.9–41.2%) |
| Secondary or higher | 56.9% (55.1–58.6%) |
61.7% (57.5–65.7%) |
56.4% (54.6–58.2%) |
| Employment status 1 | |||
| Currently employed | 75.2% (73.8–76.5%) |
88.0% (84.8–90.7%) |
74.0% (72.6–75.4%) |
| Not currently employed | 24.8% (23.5–26.2%) |
12.0% (9.4–15.2%) |
26.0% (24.6–27.4%) |
| Wealth index 1 | |||
| Lowest | 16.4% (15.1–17.9%) |
8.0% (6.3–10.1%) |
17.2% (15.8–18.7%) |
| Lower | 17.9% (16.5–19.5%) |
13.2% (10.9–15.9%) |
18.4% (16.9–19.9%) |
| Middle | 20.1% (18.4–21.8%) |
18.5% (15.4–22.1%) |
20.2% (18.6–22.0%) |
| Higher | 22.6% (19.3–26.2%) |
30.6% (24.5–37.5%) |
21.9% (18.8–25.3%) |
| Highest | 23.0% (20.1–26.2%) |
29.7% (24.6–35.2%) |
22.4% (19.6–25.5%) |
| Recent sexual activity 1 | |||
| Sexually active in last 4 weeks | 58.2% (57.0–59.5%) |
72.1% (68.3–75.6%) |
57.0% (55.6–58.3%) |
| Not sexually active in last 4 weeks | 41.8% (40.5–43.0%) |
27.9% (24.4–31.8%) |
43.1% (41.7–44.4%) |
| Current smokeless tobacco use | |||
| Yes | 1.0% (0.7–1.3%) |
- 3 | 0.9% (0.7–1.2%) |
| No | 99.1% (98.7–99.3%) |
- 3 | 99.1% (98.8–99.4%) |
| Tobacco smoking status 1 | |||
| Currently smoke tobacco | 19.5% (18.4–20.7%) |
27.8% (24.6–31.3%) |
18.7% (17.6–19.9%) |
| Formerly smoked tobacco | 7.8% (7.1–8.6%) |
12.2% (9.8–15.0%) |
7.4% (6.7–8.2%) |
| Never smoked tobacco | 72.7% (71.2–74.2%) |
60.0% (55.9–64.0%) |
73.9% (72.3–75.3%) |
| Frequency of smoked tobacco use 1 | |||
| Every day | 14.8% (13.9–15.7%) |
21.4% (18.4–24.6%) |
14.2% (13.2–15.1%) |
| Some days | 4.7% (4.2–5.3%) |
6.4% (4.8–8.7%) |
4.6% (4.1–5.2%) |
| Not at all | 80.5% (79.3–81.6%) |
72.2% (68.7–75.4%) |
81.3% (80.1–82.4%) |
| Intensity of smoked tobacco use 1 | |||
| 5 or more times per day | 7.6% (6.9–8.4%) |
10.7% (8.7–13.3%) |
7.3% (6.7–8.1%) |
| 1–4 times per day | 6.9% (6.4–7.6%) |
9.0% (7.1–11.4%) |
6.8% (6.2–7.4%) |
| <1 time per day | 4.8% (4.2–5.3%) |
6.6% (4.9–8.8%) |
4.6% (4.1–5.2%) |
| Do not smoke tobacco | 80.7% (79.5–81.9%) |
73.7% (69.9–77.1%) |
81.4% (80.2–82.5%) |
Abbreviations: CI—confidence interval; DHS—Demographic and Health Survey. 1 Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in distribution of men living with HIV and men living without HIV, based on Chi-square test. 2 Estimate based on 25–49 unweighted cases. 3 Data suppressed because the estimate was based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.