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Biofilms built on (a) a tooth’s surface and (b) extracted implants. The hard surface of a tooth root, an implant, and a crown prosthesis abutting an implant shaft provide a solid ground on which biofilms can accumulate for a lifetime if not well cared for. (c) The edentate oral cavity. The toothless oral mucosa is free of the GS and the JE, making it less vulnerable to infection.
