Table 1.
Properties of the 12 chemicals used in the present study.
| Chemical (CAS-Nr) |
Formula | Mw | Ontology/ Properties |
Usage | Route of Metabolism/ Mode of Action/ Target Organ |
Hazard Class (LD50, mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) | C12H25NaO4S | 288.38 | Comp. (org), Anionic surfactant, amphiphilic | Detergent, SDS–PAGE | (+) control | |
| Mercury(II) chloride | HgCl2 | 271.5 | Subst. (in), Corrosive | Antiseptic/disinfectant | Kidney | 1 (≤5) |
| Cycloheximide | C15H23NO4 | 281.39 | Comp. (org) | Antibiotic (Streptomyces/antifungal) | Inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis/liver | 1 |
| Sodium arsenite |
AsNaO2 | 129.91 | Subst. (in), carcinogenic | Pesticide (rat poison) | Enzyme inhibitor/liver, skin | 2 (>5–50) |
| Sodium dichromate dihydrate | Na2Cr2O7·H2O | 298 | Comp. (org), oxidizing agent Cr(VI), highly reactive/corrosive, genotoxic carcinogen |
Leather tanning | Lungs, liver, skin | 2 |
| Cadmium(II) chloride | CdCl2 | 183.32 | Subst. (in), hygroscopic, corrosive | Photograph and fabric printing, electroplating, preparation of Cd yellow pigment | Kidney, liver | 3 (>50–300) |
| Sodium fluoride |
NaF | 41.99 | Subst. (in) | Dentistry, water treatment, fluorocarbon synthesis, PET imaging | GI irritant, CNS depressant |
3 |
| Propranolol hydrochloride | C16H21NO2 | 295.8 | Comp. (org), sympatholytic, lipophilic | Treatment of hypertension, anxiety, panic, glaucoma, tremor | Non-selective beta blocker | 4 (300–2000) |
| Atropine sulfate monohydrate | (C17H23NO3)2 H2SO4·H2O |
694.83 | Comp. (org), anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) | “Essential drug” (WHO), resuscitation), mydriatic (ophthalmology), sludge treatment (organophosphate poisoning) | Competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors | 4 |
| Potassium chloride | KCl | 74.56 | Subst. (in) | Fertilizer (potash) | Cardiotoxin | 5 (2000–5000) |
| Trichloroacetic acid | C2HCl3O2 | 163.39 | Caustic acid | DNA/RNA/protein precipitation, cosmetics (skin peeling) | GI corrosion, acidosis | 5 |
| Sodium hypochlorite | NaClO | 74.44 | Comp. (in), oxidant, corrosive | Disinfectant, bleaching agent, water treatment | Body fluids | 6 (>5000) |
| Glycerol | C3H8O3 | 92.09 | Comp. (org), hygroscopic | Humectant, solvent, sweetener, food additive, soap-making | Osmosis/body fluids | 6 |
Comp. = compound; Subst. = substance; In = inorganic; Org = organic; GI = gastrointestinal tract; CNS = central nervous system; PET = positron emission tomography; WHO = World Health Organization.