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. 2022 Mar 28;11(7):1146. doi: 10.3390/cells11071146

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Estrogen feedback regulation of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nuclei. While estrogen negatively regulates the kisspeptin (KP) neurons in the arcuate (ARC) nuclei, positively regulates those in the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei. ERα-mediated estrogen signaling in the KP neurons of ARC nuclei induces the pulsatile gonadotropin secretion during the estrus cycle. In addition, estrogen signaling in the KP neurons of AVPV nuclei induces preovulatory gonadotropin surge in proestrus evening. +ve, positive; −ve, negative.