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. 2022 Mar 28;11(7):1146. doi: 10.3390/cells11071146

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Neonatal testosterone surge in males. In the males, there is a transient increase of testosterone level soon after the birth. This event, also known as “mini-puberty” is driven by male-specific neonatal kisspeptin (KP) neurons and results in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. There is no parallel phenomenon in the females. This neonatal testosterone surge (NTS) is critical for the establishment sexual dimorphism in the AVPV/ PeN nuclei depleting the KP neurons in males. The NTS is also important for the normal development of male reproductive system.