Table 2.
Main socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the total sample and of the sub-samples divided by main neuropsychiatric diagnoses. * The neuropsychiatric diagnoses were made according to the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).
| Principal Diagnosis * |
Age (Years) |
Sex | Father Age (Years) |
Mother Age (Years) |
Characteristics of the Principal Disease |
Neuro-Psychiatric Comorbidities |
Other Clinical Conditions |
Drug Therapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| autism spectrum disorder n = 114 |
8.1 ± 4.24 | male = 79 (69%) | 45.18 ± 6.74 | 41.81 ± 6.32 | level 1 = 44 (39%) level 2 = 43 (38%) level 3 = 27 (24%) |
35 (30%) | 29 (25%) | 22 (19%) |
| epilepsy n = 93 |
13.50 ± 7.78 | male = 53 (57%) |
42.50 ± 10.61 | 37.50 ± 10.61 | focal = 51 generalized = 31 unknown = 11 |
26 (28%) | 17 (18%) | 82 (88%) |
| specific learning disorders n = 41 |
10.50 ± 2.11 | male = 22 (54%) |
39.72 ± 4.51 | 38.00 ± 3.49 | mixed = 28 (68%) dyslexia + dysorthography = 10 (27%) only dyscalculia = 3 (7%) |
7 (17%) | 7 (17%) | 0 (0%) |
| intellectual disability n = 34 |
9.00 ± 4.93 | male = 18 (53%) |
43.42 ± 6.21 | 40.41 ± 6.33 | mild = 21 (62%) moderate = 9 (29) severe = 4 (12%) |
13 (38%) | 14 (41%) | 7 (21%) |
| communication disorders n = 32 |
5.09 ± 1.44 | male = 20 (63%) |
38.23 ± 7.17 | 35.56 ± 5.03 | language disorder = 20 (63%) speech sound disorder = 10 (31%) stuttering = 2 (6%) |
4 (13%) | 5 (15%) | 0 (0%) |
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder n = 21 |
10.76 ± 3.51 | male = 15 (71%) |
44.33 ± 8.12 | 40.52 ± 6.48 | combined = 15 (71%) inattentive = 3 (19) hyperactive/impulsive = 2 (10%) |
5 (24%) | 3 (14%) | 12 (57%) |
| behavioral disorders n = 16 |
11.67 ± 2.58 | male = 12 (75%) |
42.50 ± 4.52 | 40.13 ± 4.40 | oppositional-defiant disorder = 13 (81%) conduct disorder = 3 (19%) |
12 (75%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (44%) |
| anxiety disorders n = 16 |
11.34 ± 3.45 | male = 7 (44%) |
44.44 ± 7.74 | 43.00 ± 5.59 | generalized anxiety = 9 (56%) school phobia = 5 (31%) social anxiety disorder = 3 (19%) |
12 (75%) | 2 (13%) | 12 (75%) |
| mood disorders n = 16 |
12.50 ± 2.79 | male = 7 (44%) |
43.00 ± 6.70 | 40.06 ± 4.92 | depressive disorder = 11 (69%) bipolar disorder = 5 (31%) |
12 (75%) | 2 (13%) | 14 (88%) |
| Total sample n = 383 |
9.89 ± 4.42 | male = 233 (61%) |
43.87 ± 7.05 | 40.82 ± 6.34 | - | 126 (33%) | 81 (21%) | 156 (41%) |