Table 1:
Biomarker concentrations in SI units and ethnic comparison of biomarkers tested in the prospective analysis.
| Biochemical marker, units | Sex | Black |
Caucasian |
East Asian |
South Asian |
Statistically significant ethnic differences (% difference) | RCVs | RCV reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean±SD | Age-adjusted mean | n | Mean±SD | Age-adjusted mean | n | Mean±SD | Age-adjusted mean | n | Mean±SD | Age-adjusted mean | |||||
| 25(OH) vitamin D, nmol/L | M+F | 125 | 43.50±16.74 | 44.70 | 120 | 70.55±18.08 | 69.50 | 123 | 51.56±15.04 | 52.65 | 123 | 43.44±16.59 | 42.15 | BK<CA (43.43) EA<CA (27.59) SA<CA (48.99) SA<EA (22.15) |
18.0% | [15] |
| ALT, U/L | M | 54 | 17.26±8.35 | 15.72 | 61 | 17.43±5.96 | 16.59 | 56 | 15.63±7.13 | 14.43 | 61 | 17.24±6.22 | 16.29 | NS | 47.4% | [16] |
| F | 71 | 11.73±5.31 | 10.97 | 63 | 16.05±6.41 | 15.09 | 65 | 12.24±4.90 | 11.54 | 62 | 15.30±7.96 | 13.91 | BK<CA (31.62) EA<CA (26.66) BK<SA (23.63) |
|||
| Amylase, U/L | M+F | 123 | 79.26±24.03 | N/A | 125 | 58.22±18.28 | N/A | 124 | 70.19±22.81 | N/A | 123 | 71.41±22.18 | N/A | CA<BK (30.61) CA<EA (18.64) CA<SA (20.35) |
16.7% | [16] |
| C3, g/L | M+F | 125 | 1.21±0.19 | N/A | 123 | 1.19±0.18 | N/A | 124 | 1.10±0.19 | N/A | 123 | 1.25±0.19 | N/A | EA<BK (9.52) EA<CA (7.86) EA<SA (12.77) |
15.2% | [16] |
| C4, g/L | M+F | 124 | 0.24±0.06 | N/A | 124 | 0.21±0.06 | N/A | 121 | 0.21±0.06 | N/A | 123 | 0.25±0.07 | N/A | CA<BK (13.33) EA<BK (13.33) CA<SA (17.39) EA<SA (17.39) |
18.0% | [16] |
| Direct bilirubin, μmol/L | M | 52 | 4.69±2.49 | 4.02 | 58 | 4.40±2.22 | 4.08 | 58 | 4.44±2.00 | 3.99 | 58 | 4.23±2.21 | 3.91 | NS | N/A | N/A |
| F | 70 | 3.68±1.36 | 3.40 | 63 | 4.27±2.30 | 3.93 | 66 | 3.98±1.40 | 3.66 | 61 | 3.87±1.88 | 3.64 | NS | |||
| Ferritin, pmol/L | M | 54 | 102.85±61.80 | 86.45 | 62 | 97.37±55.82 | 85.89 | 57 | 162.84±82.20 | 142.39 | 61 | 94.88±57.91 | 82.08 | SA<EA (53.74) CA<EA (49.50) BK<EA (48.89) |
46.2% | [17] |
| F | 71 | 80.92±62.42 | 63.14 | 63 | 79.20±37.03 | 72.43 | 66 | 98.24±59.08 | 81.44 | 62 | 80.31±61.75 | 65.58 | NS | |||
| FSH, IU/L | M | 54 | 2.25±1.49 | 1.60 | 62 | 1.96±1.59 | 1.46 | 58 | 2.80±1.51 | 2.19 | 61 | 2.16±1.81 | 1.63 | CA<EA (40.00) | 27.0% | [17] |
| F | 69 | 3.71±1.98 | 2.77 | 61 | 3.01±2.16 | 2.35 | 66 | 3.49±1.71 | 2.69 | 61 | 3.59±2.07 | 3.18 | NS | |||
| hs-CRP, mg/L | M+F | 124 | 0.82±1.41 | 0.29 | 122 | 0.86±1.57 | 0.31 | 124 | 0.72±1.31 | 0.23 | 123 | 0.83±1.35 | 0.29 | NS | N/A | N/A |
| IgA, g/L | M+F | 122 | 1.56±0.56 | 1.52 | 122 | 1.46±0.52 | 1.50 | 124 | 1.84±0.65 | 1.79 | 123 | 1.75±0.64 | 1.79 | BK<EA (16.31) CA<EA (17.63) BK<SA (16.31) CA<SA (17.63) |
12.9% | [16] |
| IgG, g/L | M+F | 123 | 12.78±2.43 | 12.67 | 123 | 10.47±2.03 | 10.57 | 123 | 11.87±2.39 | 11.75 | 122 | 11.47±2.11 | 11.60 | CA<SA (9.29) CA<EA (10.57) CA<BK (18.07) SA<BK (8.82) |
7.8% | [16] |
| IgM, g/L | M | 53 | 0.86±0.32 | N/A | 62 | 0.87±0.29 | N/A | 57 | 1.19±0.43 | N/A | 61 | 0.95±0.41 | N/A | BK<EA (32.20) CA<EA (31.07) SA<EA (22.43) |
12.3% | [16] |
| F | 70 | 1.18±0.43 | N/A | 63 | 1.17±0.36 | N/A | 64 | 1.43±0.48 | N/A | 62 | 1.25±0.41 | N/A | BK<EA (19.16) CA<EA (20.00) |
|||
| Iron, μmol/L | M | 54 | 15.56±4.28 | 14.80 | 62 | 16.54±5.51 | 15.74 | 57 | 17.71±6.37 | 16.44 | 61 | 15.64±6.19 | 14.61 | NS | N/A | N/A |
| F | 71 | 14.46±4.82 | 13.48 | 63 | 16.50±5.42 | 15.76 | 66 | 15.95±5.57 | 14.69 | 62 | 14.09±4.86 | 13.28 | NS | |||
| SHBG, nmol/L | M | 54 | 51.03±28.97 | 47.84 | 60 | 68.16±43.19 | 52.61 | 58 | 50.27±34.83 | 42.68 | 61 | 58.70±38.03 | 44.34 | NS | 37.5% | [17] |
| F | 70 | 64.64±30.97 | 60.39 | 61 | 81.36±41.30 | 66.09 | 65 | 51.44±24.03 | 48.90 | 62 | 60.79±37.66 | 46.50 | SA<BK (25.99) SA<CA (34.80) EA<CA (29.90) |
|||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | M+F | 125 | 4.06±0.75 | N/A | 125 | 4.11±0.64 | N/A | 122 | 4.08±0.62 | N/A | 122 | 4.12±0.71 | N/A | NS | 7.9% | [16] |
| Transferrin, g/L | M+F | 125 | 2.76±0.34 | N/A | 125 | 2.78±0.27 | N/A | 123 | 2.70±0.32 | N/A | 123 | 2.93±0.29 | N/A | BK<SA (5.98) CA<SA (5.25) EA<SA (8.17) |
9.8% | [16] |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | M+F | 124 | 0.89±0.45 | N/A | 122 | 1.05±0.57 | N/A | 123 | 1.23±0.67 | N/A | 123 | 1.24±0.67 | N/A | BK<EA (32.08) BK<SA (32.86) CA<SA (16.59) |
74.9% | [16] |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | M | 54 | 287.50±67.52 | 273.06 | 61 | 284.90±69.81 | 282.22 | 57 | 312.46±71.02 | 299.63 | 60 | 288.43±89.48 | 281.89 | NS | 19.2% | [16] |
| F | 71 | 228.64±50.57 | 219.18 | 61 | 253.84±53.29 | 252.06 | 66 | 270.17±55.70 | 258.39 | 62 | 246.64±52.17 | 246.64 | BK<CA (13.95) BK<EA (16.42) BK<SA (11.79) |
|||
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; C3, complement C3; C4, complement C4; BK, Black; CA, Caucasian; EA, East Asian; F, female; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; M, male; M+F, combined male and female values; N/A, not applicable; NS, not significant; RCV, reference change value; SA, South Asian; SD, standard deviation; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin. Mean and SD were calculated without adjusting for age for all biomarkers. Statistical tests were conducted and age-adjusted means were calculated if the biomarker demonstrated age differences in previous CALIPER studies [3], [4], [5]. Statistically significant differences refer to ANCOVA or ANOVA p-values<0.05. There was no significant interaction between the covariate (i.e. age) and factors (i.e. sex and ethnicity) for any of the biomarkers; thus, multiple regression was never performed (see Supplementary Figure bib2). Values are reported in conventional units in Supplementary Table 4.