Table 4.
Evaluation of effects of the intervention for youth participants.
| Change Over Time | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Post-Test–Pre-Test Mean (p-Value) |
| Perceived competency | |||
| Control | 20.36 (0.336) | 20.48 (0.344) | 0.11 (0.722) |
| Treatment | 20.14 (0.333) | 21.98 (0.336) | 1.84 (<0.0001) |
| T–C difference (p-value) | −0.22 (0.613) | 1.50 (0.001) | −1.72 (0.0002) |
| Attitudes toward older people | |||
| Control | 25.34 (0.522) | 26.44 (0.538) | 1.10 (0.061) |
| Treatement | 23.87 (0.518) | 28.70 (0.523) | 4.84 (<0.0001) |
| T–C difference (p-value) | 1.47 (0.040) | 2.27 (0.002) | −3.73 (<0.0001) |
| Interest in working with older people | |||
| Control | 22.38 (0.436) | 22.65 (0.446) | 0.27 (0.403) |
| Treatement | 22.33 (0.432) | 24.19 (0.435) | 1.86 (0.405) |
| T–C difference (p-value) | −0.05 (0.927) | 1.54 (0.009) | −1.59 (0.007) |
| Purpose | |||
| Control | 24.19 (0.554) | 24.23 (0.560) | 0.04 (0.927) |
| Treatement | 24.77 (0.546) | 25.97 (0.551) | 1.21 (0.005) |
| T–C difference (p-value) | 0.58 (0.406) | 1.75 (0.014) | −1.17 (0.053) |
| Self-esteem | |||
| Control | 16.51 (0.354) | 17.21 (0.362) | 0.70 (0.034) |
| Treatement | 16.35 (0.351) | 17.65 (0.356) | 1.30 (0.0002) |
| T–C difference (p-value) | −0.16 (0.725) | 0.44 (0.355) | −0.60 (0.196) |
Note: Table entries are means (SEs) in the 2 × 2 (treatment × time) upper left quadrant for each dependent variable and mean differences (Ps) in the other three quadrants. The entries in the bottom right cell for each dependent variable represent the tests of treatment effects. The model for each outcome also includes gender and grade level (middle school-aged versus high school-aged students) as additional fixed classification factors, and individuals as levels of a random classification factor.