Table 2.
IL-33 and pathogenic effects in asthmatic airways.
| Cell Type | Functional Effect of IL-33 on Cellular Function | |
|---|---|---|
| Innate Immunity | Macrophages/monocytes | ↑ M2 macrophage polarization [108,109] |
| ↓ ADAMTS family of metalloproteases [110] | ||
| Signaling through ERK1/2, JNK, and PI3k-Akt [110] | ||
| Dendritic cells | ↑ Th2 polarization [111,115,116] | |
| ↑ CD4+ T cell release of IL-5 and IL-13 [101] | ||
| ↑ Macrophage release of IL-13 [108] | ||
| Mast cells | ↑ Mast cell survival, adhesion, cytokine production [117] | |
| ↑ IL-6, IL-13 [112] | ||
| MK2/3 activation of ERK1/2, PI3k | ||
| c-Kit activation of ERK1/2, JNK1, PKB, and STAT3 [118] | ||
| Basophils | ↑ Histamine, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, MCP, MIP [113,119,120,121,122] | |
| ↑ CD11b expression [113] | ||
| ↑ Adhesion and priming of eotaxin-induced migration [113] | ||
| Signaling through ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and NF-kB [113] | ||
| Eosinophils | ↑ Eosinophil survival, adhesion, degranulation [123] | |
| ↑ Mature eosinophils and eosinophil progenitors from bone marrow [113] | ||
| ↑ Adhesion and survival [124] | ||
| ↑ Expression of CD11b [124] | ||
| ↑ Il-8 [113,125] | ||
| Signaling through MAPK (p38) and NF-kB [113] | ||
| ILC2s | ↑ IL-5, IL-13 [114,126,127] | |
| Signaling through PI3k/AKT/mTOR, MAPK (p38) [128,129] | ||
| iNKT cells | ↑ IL-4, INF-gamma [119] | |
| Adaptive Immunity | CD4+ T cells | ↑ IL-9 [121] |
| Th2 cells | ↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 [130,131] | |
| ↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in certain conditions [132] | ||
| Signaling through PI3k/AKT/mTOR [118,129] and MAPK [132] | ||
| Structural Cells | Epithelial/endothelial cells | ↑ IL-8 |
| Signaling through ERK and MAPK (p38) [133] |