Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients according to the presence or absence of long-COVID headache during follow-up.
| Variable | Entire Study Sample N = 70 (100%) |
Headache N = 10 (14.3%) |
Non-Headache N = 60 (85.7%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Female sex | 45 (64.3) | 10 (100) | 35 (58.3) | 0.011 |
| Age, years | 54.8 ± 11.9 | 46.9 ± 8.45 | 56.13 ± 11.9 | 0.023 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.2 ± 4.6 | 26.43 ± 3.45 | 27.45 ± 4.75 | 0.585 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.82 ± 0.18 | 1.74 ± 0.16 | 1.83 ± 0.18 | 0.118 |
| CKD * | 3 (4.4) | 0 | 3 (5.2) | 0.999 |
| Diabetes | 3 (5.9) | 0 | 3 (5.7) | 0.999 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (19.1) | 0 | 13 (22.4) | 0.597 |
| Hypertension | 18 (26.5) | 1 (10) | 17 (29.3) | 0.270 |
| Previous CAD | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0.999 |
| Prior pulmonary disease | 5 (7.4) | 0 | 5 (8.6) | 0.999 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0.999 |
| Long-COVID symptoms during follow-up | ||||
| Chest pain | 8 (11.4) | 3 (30) | 5 (8.3) | 0.081 |
| Dyspnea | 41 (58.6) | 6 (60) | 35 (58.3) | 0.999 |
| Fatigue | 20 (28.6) | 3 (30) | 17 (28.3) | 0.999 |
| Myalgia | 6 (8.6) | 3 (30) | 3 (5) | 0.034 |
| Neurological symptoms ** | 14 (20) | 7 (70) | 7 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Paresthesia | 4 (5.7) | 2 (20) | 2 (3.3) | 0.095 |
| Olfactory abnormalities | 6 (8.6) | 3 (30) | 3 (5.0) | 0.034 |
| Taste abnormalities | 4 (5.7) | 1 (10) | 3 (5.0) | 0.468 |
| Palpitations | 10 (14.3) | 3 (30) | 7 (11.7) | 0.147 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack. * Chronic kidney disease was defined as a glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min or need for dialysis ** Includes paresthesia, olfactory, and taste abnormalities. Values are mean ± SD or n (%). Bold indicates significant differences (p < 0.05).