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Schematic representation of the role of autophagy in myocardial ischemia. Autophagy activation before and immediately after ischemia limits ischemic injury (left). However, excessive activation of autophagy during reperfusion leads to detrimental effects. AMPK, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MST1, mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; Rheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain.
