Figure 2.

Ferroptosis—biochemical hallmarks and prerequisites. The figure summarizes the central biochemical characteristics of ferroptosis, i.e., generation of ROS, aspects of cellular iron metabolism, synthesis of phospholipids as targets of lipid peroxidation, as well as lipid peroxidation itself. While the latter represents the defining hallmark of ferroptosis, possible downstream mechanisms (executioner(s)) causing the final ferroptotic phenotype remain elusive. Abbreviations: ACAC = acetyl-CoA carboxylase, AcCoA = acetyl-coenzyme A, ACSL4 = acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, FA = fatty acid, FATP = fatty acid transport protein, fer = ferritin, FLVCR2 = feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 2, FPN1 = ferroportin 1, HO1 = heme oxygenase 1, LOX = lipoxygenase, LPCAT3 = lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3, LPL = lipoprotein lipase, MITO = mitochondrion, NCOA4 = nuclear receptor coactivator 4, OXPHOS = oxidative phosphorylation, PCBP1 = poly-(rC)-binding protein 1, PL∙ = phospholipid radical, PLH = phospholipid, PLO∙ = alkoxyl phospholipid radical, PLOO∙ = peroxyl phospholipid radical, PLOOH = phospholipid hydroperoxide, POR = cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, Prom2 = prominin 2, PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA-CoA = PUFA-coenzyme A, ROS = reactive oxygen species, SLC46A1 = Solute Carrier Family 46 Member 1, SLC48A1 = Solute Carrier Family 48 Member 1, TCA = tricarboxylic acid, TF = transferrin, TFR1 = transferrin receptor 1, VLDL = very low density lipoprotein. Based on: [12,14,19,30,31,32].