Figure 4.

Diagram of hydrothermal paths for each unit operation of the couscous grain process on the state diagram of durum wheat components (ALC represents amylose–lipid complexes): (A) agglomeration stage; (B) rolling and sifting stage; (C) cooking stage; (D) drying and cooling stage; (E) calibration stag; (F) rehydration stage (adapted from [3] with permission from Elsevier, 2022, adapted from [4] with permission from authors).