LPA5 regulates mitochondrial respiration in primary microglia. (A,B) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the absence and presence of LPA (1 µM) for 2 or 24 h was measured using the XF Cell Mito Stress Test. Primary microglia isolated from wt and LPA5-/- mice were treated with 2 μM oligomycin, 1.75 μM FCCP, and 2.5 μM antimycin A in XF assay medium to assess mitochondrial function parameters. Bar graphs show (C) basal mitochondrial respiration, (D) maximal mitochondrial respiration, (E) ATP linked respiration, and (F) spare respiratory capacity. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 LPA5-/- compared to wt cells; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction.