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. 2022 Apr 6;11(7):1249. doi: 10.3390/cells11071249

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Determinant role of lipid signaling in TNFα–induced regulation of contractility, cell survival and hypertrophy. Synergistic action of TNFα and CX3CL1 drives a concentric hypertrophic response. sTNFα, soluble tumor necrosis factor α; mTNFα, membranous tumor necrosis factor α; TACE, tumor necrosis factor α converting enzyme; TNFR₁, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFR₂, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2; CX3CL1, fractalkine; GSH, glutathione; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FAN, factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation; N-Smase, neutral sphingomyelinase; RASSF1, ras association domain family member 1; cPLA₂, cytosolic phospholipase A2; AA, arachidonic acid; LOX, lipoxygenase, PI3K, phosphoinosisitde 3 kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MSK1, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1; CamKII, calmoduline kinase II; PKC, protein kinase C; Pi-PLB, phosphorylated phospholamban.