Table 7.

Effects of genistein on fibromyalgia-like symptoms.

First Author, Year [ref]	Experimental Design and Treatment	Results
Animal studies
Lin, 2011 [61]	Acetic acid-induced FM-like pain model	Compared to vehicle group, genistein group:
	C57/BL6 mice (8–12-week-old)
	Treatments: vehicle treated with substance P (SP to induce current), genistein (30 µM), SP + genistein, SP + daidzein (30 µM) for 10 min on DRG neurons	↓ SP-mediated inhibition of ASIC3-selective current and PTK activity of muscle dorsal root ganglion neuron
Jie, 2018 [68]	Glutamate-induced masseter muscle FM-like pain model	Compared to control group, genistein groups:
		↓ mechanical hypernociception at high genistein dose
	Female Sprague-Dawley OVX rats	Partially reversed E2-potentiated glutamate-evoked hypernociception of masseter muscle
	Treatments: no injections (control); E2 vehicle + genistein, E2 + genistein vehicle, and E2 + genistein (2–60 mg/kg) for 12 days.	↓ pNR2B and pERK1/2 expression in hippocampus

Abbreviation: ASIC3, acid-sensing ion channel 3; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; E2, 17β-estradiol; i.m., intramuscular; OVX, ovariectomized/ovariectomy; pERK1/2, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase; PTK, phosphotyrosine kinase; pNR2B, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor of the NR2B subunit; SP, substance P; ↑ increase; ↓ decrease; ↔ no difference.