Table 2.

Melatonin in combination with other anticancer therapies.

Combination Therapy	Melatonin Effect	Mechanisms of Action	Reference
Mel + chemotherapy	Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis	Inhibition of cellular PrPC	[91]
	Inhibition of cell growth; induction of apoptosis	Upregulation of miR-215-5p and a concomitant downregulation of TYMS	[92]
	Enhancing the cytotoxic effects	Destruction of HER2 protein	[93]
	Inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; induction of apoptosis	Regulating EZH2 expression	[96]
	Suppressing autophagy	Inhibition of NR4A1, CTSL, and Atg12	[97]
	Induction of apoptosis and autophagy	Decreasing AMPK α1 expression	[98]
Mel + radiotherapy	Counteracting the inhibitory effect of radiation on preadipocytes’ differentiation	Increasing C/EBPα, PPARγ expression; decreasing TNFα expression	[99]
	Prolonging the survival time; improving the quality of life of patients	Reducing radiotherapy-related toxicities	[100]
Mel + cancer vaccination	Enhancing cancer vaccine efficiency	Inhibiting IL-10 and VEGF expression level	[103]
	Enhancing the antitumor protective immunity of vaccine	Improving the numbers of circulating E7-specific CD8+ T cells in mice	[104]
Mel + immunotherapy	Enhancing IL-2 antitumor immune effect	Increasing the susceptibility of cancer cells to the cytolysis	[107]
	Improving the immune response	Stimulating lymphocyte proliferation; inhibiting macrophage-induced inflammatory status	[110]