Figure 5.

Enhancing in vivo chondrogenesis of BMSCs using 3D-IHI nanoscaffold. (a) Schematic illustration of the short-term chondrogenic differentiation after transplantation. (b) The in vivo chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Safranin O staining, as well as Col II immunochemistry staining. Zoom-out scale bars: 2 mm, zoom-in scale bars: 200 μm. (c) Quantifications of cellular components (by Safranin O staining) and ECM components (by Col II immunostaining). These results collectively suggest that improved chondrogenic differentiation could be achieved through a MnO₂ NT-templated cell assembly and homogeneous delivery of TGF-β3. All data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001.