Table 1.
Human zinc finger proteins in COVID-19 viral infection.
| Protein Name | Activity | Regulation | Function | Pathologic Implications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZAP (zinc finger antiviral protein) | antiviral | ↑ | Degrade viral RNA | inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication |
| ZNFX1 (zinc finger NFX1-type containing 1) | transcription factor | ↑ | Induces interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression | (antiviral innate immunity) restricts the replication of RNA viruses |
| ZCCHC3 (zinc finger CCHC-type containing 3) | antiviral | ? | Interact with SARS-CoV-2 N protein | active virus defence responses |
| KLF2 (kruppel-like factor 2) | transcription factor | ↓ | Protects against COVID-19 associated endothelial dysfunction | monocyte adhesion and endothelial inflammation |
| MADP1 | transcription factor | ? | Replication factor in SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis | C241T mutant RNA SARS-CoV-2 reduces virus replication efficiency |
| ZDHHC (zinc finger DHHC domain-containing) | S protein palmitoylation | ? | Critical for S-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry | essential for viral infectivity |
↑ refers up-regulation, ↓ refers down-regulation upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and ? is ambiguous.