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. 2022 Mar 29;23(7):3741. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073741

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)-induced tolerance of drought and salinity stress. Plant inoculated with PGPB experienced growth-promoting attributes like EPS and ESP production that modulate cellular water homeostasis. PGPB also induces the accumulation and synthesis of various osmoprotectants like trehalose, proline, glycine, phenols, flavonoids, and so on that help in scavenging ROS and RNS in cells. PGPB are also responsible for maintaining the ion homeostasis (Na⁺/K⁺) and removing the toxic ions from the cell. EPS—extracellular polymeric substances; ESP—exopolysaccharide; PL—polysaccharide lipid; LP—lipopolysaccharide protein; Na⁺—sodium ion; K⁺—potassium ion. Figure created with BioRender.com (https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates)—accessed on 21 November 2021.