Effects of cardiolipin (CL) on physiology and apoptosis. Emphasis is given on CL’s unique ability to directly bind and anchor proteins and CytC on IMM. Formation of monolyso-CL leads to loss of all physiologic abilities of mature CL, flipping to the OMM from the IMM where CL is normally confined and facilitation of apoptosis in a Bid-mediated manner. Of note, loss of mature CL from the IMM disturbs electron transport, leading to increased ROS formation and ignition of the apoptotic cascade. Besides, mature CL loss allows for the membrane-bound CytC to be released to the IMS and sensitizes to membrane permeability and the cell to apoptosis. Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 20 March 2022.