Figure 5.

Mechanism of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8: interleukin 8; TLRs: Toll-like receptors; MACP1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; GHS: glutathione; ROS: reactive oxygen species; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; G3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; DAG: diacylglycerols; PKC: protein kinase C; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1.