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. 2022 Mar 25;23(7):3584. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073584

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The interference of apo(a) transcription by FXR ligands. The apo(a) transcription is driven by numerous transcription factors. The most important one is probably HNF4α which binds to its response element at −826 to −814 relative to the transcription initiation site. There are two pathways whereby FXR-ligands downregulate the apo(a) expression, one direct one and the other by FGF-19 binding to the FGF4 receptor. There is also a cAMP response element found in the apo(a) promoter that might be inhibited by nicotinic acid.The * indicates activated FXR [1].