| MeJA | methyl jasmonate |
| IAA | indoleacetic acid |
| ABA | abscisic acid |
| GA | gibberellin |
| SA | salicylic acid |
| JA | jasmonate |
| BR | brassinosteroids |
| ET | ethylene |
| 2,4-D | 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
| qRT-PCR | quantitative real-time PCR |
| DEMS | differentially expressed miRNAs |
| RA | rosmarinic acid |
| CA | carnosic acid |
| rpm | revolutions per minute |
| ccm | cubic centimeters per minute |