Table 3.
Educational inequality in five measures of frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED) in the last 30 days among people aged 25–64 by sex, Spain 1997–2017.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure of HED frequency and education | Model I a | Model II b | Model I a | Model II b | ||||||||
| Prevalence of HED c | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | ||||
| Primary | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.04 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.93 |
| Secondary 1st stage | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.99 |
| Secondary 2nd stage | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.09 |
| University | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | |||||
| Per year of education | −0.56 | −0.99 | −0.13 | 0.09 | −0.33 | 0.52 | 5.60 | 4.70 | 6.51 | 1.21 | 0.41 | 2.03 |
| Prevalence of one HED day f | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | ||||
| Primary | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.98 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.77 | 0.63 | 0.94 |
| Secondary 1st stage | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.07 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 1.00 |
| Secondary 2nd stage | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 1.12 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 1.11 |
| University | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | |||||
| Per year of education | 2.26 | 1.38 | 3.15 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 1.88 | 5.98 | 4.55 | 7.44 | 1.58 | 0.20 | 2.97 |
| Prevalence of 2–3 HED days f | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | ||||
| Primary | 0.95 | 0.85 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 1.08 | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.80 | 0.64 | 0.99 |
| Secondary 1st stage | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 1.16 |
| Secondary 2nd stage | 1.01 | 0.92 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.89 | 1.17 |
| University | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | |||||
| Per year of education | 0.56 | −0.30 | 1.43 | 0.42 | −0.44 | 1.28 | 5.39 | 3.72 | 7.08 | 0.88 | −0.62 | 2.41 |
| Prevalence of ≥4 HED days f | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | PR d | 95% CI | ||||
| Primary | 1.48 | 1.34 | 1.63 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 1.18 |
| Secondary 1st stage | 1.40 | 1.29 | 1.53 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.24 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.76 | 1.04 |
| Secondary 2nd stage | 1.23 | 1.13 | 1.35 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 0.93 | 1.25 |
| University | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | |||||
| Per year of education | −3.16 | −3.85 | −2.46 | −0.75 | −1.45 | −0.06 | 5.29 | 3.54 | 7.07 | 0.89 | −0.64 | 2.44 |
| Mean HED days g | MR h | 95% CI | MR h | 95% CI | MR h | 95% CI | MR h | 95% CI | ||||
| Primary | 1.62 | 1.47 | 1.80 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 1.09 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.74 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.19 |
| Secondary 1st stage | 1.47 | 1.35 | 1.60 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 0.60 | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.05 |
| Secondary 2nd stage | 1.23 | 1.13 | 1.35 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.29 |
| University | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | PC e | 95% CI | |||||
| Per year of education | −3.97 | −4.73 | −3.19 | −0.06 | −0.77 | 0.64 | 4.56 | 3.15 | 5.99 | 0.38 | −0.76 | 1.53 |
Legend: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. a Negative binomial regression model adjusted for simple age, simple calendar year, region, marital status and immigration status, all entered as dummy variables. b Same as Model 1, but additionally adjusted for number of grams/day of alcohol intake during the last 30 days. c Prevalence of any HED episode in the last 30 days. d PR: Ratio between the value of the HED measure at each education level and its value at university level. e PC: Relative percent change in the corresponding HED measure per year of education, under the assumption of a linear association. f Prevalence of the indicated number of HED days in the last 30 days. g Mean number of HED days in the last 30 days. h MR: Ratio between the value of mean HED days at each education level and its value at university level.