Table 2.
The summary of recent studies addressing the correlations between plasma and leukocyte miRNAs levels and platelet reactivity.
| Authors | Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomes | Methods | RNA Used for Normalization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. [62] | 62 NSTE-ACS pts with troponin negative | 300 mg ASA + 300 mg clopidogrel (24 h) or 100 mg ASA + 75 mg clopidogrel (5 days) |
group divided into subgroups compared with each other | ↓ plasma miR-223 in PRI low-responders miR-223 expression correlated with PRI |
PRI by VASP phosphorylation flow cytometry plasma miRNAs analysis by qPCR |
human-5 s-rRNA |
| Chyrchel et al. [50] | 21 NSTE-ACS men with an uncomplicated hospital course | (75 mg clopidogrel OD or 10 mg prasugrel OD or 90 mg ticagrelor BID) + 75–100 mg ASA OD |
correlation between plasma miR-223 and PAG PAG compared between clopidogrel & prasugrel/ticagrelor |
↓ PR in pts on prasugrel or ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel ↑ miR-223 with increased DAPT responsiveness |
PR measured by MEA plasma miRNAs analysis by qPCR prasugrel and ticagrelor combined in miRNAs analysis |
miR-16 |
| Kaudewitz et al. [52] | 125 ACS pts 30 days after onset of ACS |
ASA + clopidogrel/prasugrel/ticagrelor | correlations between miRNA levels and platelet functions | no correlation between miRNAs and PAG miR-24, miR-126, miR-191, miR-223 correlated with PRU miR-126 correlated with PRI |
PRU by VerifyNow and PRI by VASP phosphorylation and PAG by LTA plasma miRNAs analysis by qPCR |
cel-miR-39* |
| Xie et al. [60] | 188 NSTE-ACS pts after elective PCI | 100 mg ASA + 75 mg clopidogrel | 47 ultra-responders (UR) and 47 non-responders (NR) according to PAG (only 24 and 36 samples analysed, respectively) | no difference in hsa-miR-223- 3p between the NR and UR no significant correlation between miR-223-3p PAG |
PAG as a value of electronic impedance (Ω) between the two electrodes immersed in a diluted sample leukocyte miR-223-3p analysis by qPCR |
U6 |
| Tang et al. [59] | 115 CAD pts + 1199 CAD pts as a prospective cohort |
100 mg ASA + 300 mg clopidogrel LD | pts divided into 4 subgroups according to ARU and PRU | ↑ miR-142 associated with a high risk of MACE ↑ miR-126, miR-142, miR-130a, miR-27a miR-106a in pts resistant to clopidogrel therapy |
PRU and ARU by VerifyNow plasma miRNAs analysis by qPCR plasma samples mixed from pts of a given subgroup |
cel-miR-39 |
| Becker et al. [48] | 878 NSTE-ACS pts + 96 pts NSTE-ACS in corroborative cohort | 100 mg ASA + (75 mg clopidogrel/10 mg prasugrel) | nested case-control study correlation between PR and miRNA levels |
miR-15b-5p, miR-93 and miR-126 associated with PR | PRU by VerifyNow or PRI by VASP phosphorylation or Multiplate ADP test assayplasma miRNAs analysis by qPCR and non-targeted miR-Seq analysis | 3 most stable endogenous miRNAs |
↑—increased, ↓—decreased, ACS—Acute Coronary Syndrome, ARU—aspirin reaction unit, ASA—acetylsalicylic acid, BID—twice daily, CAD—Coronary Artery Disease, DAPT—dual antiplatelet therapy, HPR—high platelet reactivity, HTPR—high on-treatment platelet reactivity, IPA—inhibition of platelet aggregation, LD—loading dose, LPR—low platelet reactivity, LTA—light transmittance aggregometry, LTPR—low on-treatment platelet reactivity, MACE—major adverse cardiovascular events, MD—maintenance dose, MEA—multiple electrode aggregometry, MEA—Multiple electrode aggregometry, miR/miRNA—microRNA, n.d.—no data, NSTE-ACS—non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome, OD—once daily, PAG—ADP-induced platelet aggregation, PCI—percutaneous coronary interventions, PR—platelet reactivity, PRI—platelet reactivity index, PRU—platelet reactivity unit, pts—patients, qPCR—quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, STEMI—ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, TEG—thromboelastogram, VASP—vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, YO—years old.