Table 2.

Parameters used in the simulation [21].

Property	Value
$\mathrm{Density} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{solid} \mathrm{metal}, {\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$ (kg ∙ m−3)	7790
$\mathrm{Density} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{liquid} \mathrm{metal}, {\rho }_{\mathrm{l}}$ (kg ∙ m−3)	8280 − 0.8 T
$\mathrm{Thermal} \mathrm{conductivity} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{solid} \mathrm{metal}, k_{\mathrm{s}}$ (W ∙ m−1 ∙ K−1)	10.15 + 0.0152 T
$\mathrm{Thermal} \mathrm{conductivity} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{liquid} \mathrm{metal}, k_{\mathrm{l}}$ (W ∙ m−1 ∙ K−1)	5.03 + 0.0133 T
$\mathrm{Dynamic} \mathrm{viscosity}, \mu$ (kg ∙ m−1 ∙ s−1)	0.006
$\mathrm{Specific} \mathrm{heat}, c$p (J ∙ kg−1 ∙ K−1)	780
$\mathrm{Latent} \mathrm{heat} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{fusion}, L_{\mathrm{m}}$ (J ∙ kg−1)	2.47 × 105
$\mathrm{Latent} \mathrm{heat} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{vaporization}, L_{\mathrm{v}}$ (J ∙ kg−1)	6.34 × 106
$\mathrm{Solidus} \mathrm{temperature}, T_{\mathrm{s}}$ (K)	1670
$\mathrm{Liquidus} \mathrm{temperature}, T_{\mathrm{l}}$ (K)	1727
$\mathrm{Boiling} \mathrm{temperature}, T_{\mathrm{v}}$ (K)	3200
Molar mass, M (kg ∙ mol−1)	0.056
$\mathrm{Convective} \mathrm{coefficient}, h_{\mathrm{A}}$ (W ∙ m−2 ∙ K−1)	20
$\mathrm{Emissivity}, {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}$	0.4
$\mathrm{Ambient} \mathrm{temperature}, T_{\infty }$ (K)	300
$\mathrm{Ambient} \mathrm{pressure}, P_0$ (Pa)	1.013 × 105
$\mathrm{Small} \mathrm{constant}, C_{\mathrm{K}}$	0.001
$\mathrm{Mushy} \mathrm{zone} \mathrm{constant}, C_{\mathrm{mush}}$	1 × 109