The effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) on downstream proteins of the STAT1 signaling cascade. Protein expression in IFN-γ or IFN-γ+TNF-α-activated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after 4 h incubation with 10 μM TSA (pink bars). Proteins measured were IRF9 (A,E), phosphorylated JAK2 (B,F), phosphorylated STAT1 (C,G), phosphorylated NFκB p65 (D,H). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). Significant differences are shown as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, control compared to IFN-γ-activated IECs, IFN-γ+TNF-α-activated IECs or 10 μM TSA control. Activated cells were compared to activated cells treated with TSA.