Box 1.

Description of case study sites

Case study site	Service pre-COVID-19	Main changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
CSS1 — primary care	Flexible drop-in appointments Outreach and hostel drop-ins Hospital in-reach service Case management of frequent attenders	No drop-in clinics except for wound care Telephone-led consultations Outreach was initially stopped and reintroduced in November 2020
CSS2 — primary care	GP service offering flexible appointments and drop-in service Outreach at day centres	No drop-in clinics Outreach was initially stopped but resumed in November 2020 Dedicated care coordinator to schedule appointments Video consultations trialled
CSS3 — NHS community nurse inclusion service	Nurse-led drop-in clinics Outreach in the community, hostels/guest houses/town centre walk-in clinic Weekly street kitchen	Outreach to hostels and town centre walk-in clinics initially stopped in the first national lockdown from end of March to mid-June 2020. Street kitchen stopped for the same period Nurse-led face-to-face clinics continued and outreach to guest houses continued on a needs basis

CSS = case study site.