Table 3.
Associations of Perceived Racial Bias and Experiences with Racial Discrimination with Mental Health and Substance Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic
| Psychological distress OR (95% CI) | Decrease in happiness OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |
| Perceived racial bias | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 2.09** (1.36, 3.22) | 2.17** (1.32, 3.56) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.11) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.16) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 1.65* (1.01, 2.70) | 1.34 (0.76, 2.34) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.39) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.52) |
| Sample size, n | 2699 | 2629 | ||
| Poor sleep quality OR (95% CI) | Increase in cigarette smoking OR (95% CI) | |||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |
| Perceived racial bias | 1.04* (1.01, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.08*** (1.04, 1.11) | 1.04* (1.00, 1.09) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 1.98** (1.25, 3.14) | 1.54 (0.91, 2.63) | 3.52*** (2.24, 5.54) | 2.44** (1.42, 4.21) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 1.54 (0.94, 2.53) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) | 2.68*** (1.67, 4.31) | 1.20 (0.67, 2.16) |
| Sample size, n | 2584 | 2613 | ||
| Increase in alcohol consumption OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |||
| Perceived racial bias | 1.02* (1.00, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | ||
| Racial discrimination encounter | 1.37 (0.95, 1.98) | 1.11 (0.75,1.63) | ||
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 1.40 (0.94, 2.07) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | ||
| Sample size, n | 2621 | |||
*p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001
†The weighted logistic regressions controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, eligibility to vote, party identification, household income, prior COVID-19 infection, and region; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are reported