Table 5.
Adjusted Associations Between Perceived Racial Bias and Experiences with Racial Discrimination and Substance Use Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Race/Ethnic Subgroups
| Increase in smoking OR (99% CI) |
Increase in alcohol OR (99% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 1.08 (0.96, 1.23) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 20.24* (1.62, 253.21) | 0.89 (0.10, 7.68) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 0.20 (0.01, 4.03) | 0.85 (0.18, 4.05) |
| Sample size, n | 482 | 504 |
| Black respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 1.32 (0.53, 3.32) | 0.93 (0.45, 1.91) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 1.26 (0.48, 3.33) | 1.65 (0.75, 3.60) |
| Sample size, n | 574 | 585 |
| Hispanic respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 3.87* (1.31, 11.48) | 1.14 (0.44, 2.96) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 4.16* (1.24, 13.99) | 1.21 (0.43, 3.42) |
| Sample size, n | 527 | 527 |
| East Asian respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 0.71 (0.12, 4.14) | 1.29 (0.51, 3.25) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 4.99 (0.89, 28.03) | 1.30 (0.44, 3.79) |
| Sample size, n | 694 | 727 |
| South Asian respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.89,1.09) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 13.79* (1.36, 139.87) | 10.85† (1.45, 81.47) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 7.94 (0.74, 84.94) | 1.72 (0.34, 8.81) |
| Sample size, n | 162 | 180 |
| Southeast Asian respondents | ||
| Perceived racial bias | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.88, 1.31) |
| Racial discrimination encounter | 2.28 (0.30, 17.42) | 4.10 (0.80, 21.15) |
| Racial/ethnic cyberbully | 1.19 (0.07, 19.43) | 0.80 (0.13, 4.79) |
| Sample size, n | 159 | 199 |
The weighted logistic regressions controlled for age, gender, educational attainment, eligibility to vote, party identification, household income, prior COVID-19 infection, and region. Odds ratios (ORs) and 99.17% confidence intervals (99% CIs) are reported
*p is smaller than the Bonferroni-corrected threshold value of 0.0083†p = 0.009, slightly larger than our Bonferroni-adjusted p value threshold of p = 0.0083