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. 2022 Apr 6;23(7):4047. doi: 10.3390/ijms23074047

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Production of superoxide radicals by rat heart mitochondria oxidizing palmitoyl-carnitine. Designations: 1. supporting substrate only; 2. palmitoyl-carnitine only, and 3. palmitoyl-carnitine + supporting substrate. Substrates: (A)—pyruvate 2.5 mM + malate 2 mM, (B)—glutamate 5 mM + malate 2 mM, and (C)—succinate 5 mM. Experimental conditions are described in refs [57,60]. The numbers at the lines are the rates of ROS production in picomol of H₂O₂ per minute per mg of mitochondrial protein.