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. 2022 Apr 6;23(7):4047. doi: 10.3390/ijms23074047

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of succinate, glutamate, and pyruvate on the resting oxidation of palmitoyl-carnitine (P-C) by the isolated kidney, brain, and heart mitochondria. Graphs show the oxygen consumption rates without ADP (State 4). (A) Mouse kidney mitochondria; (B) Rat brain mitochondria; (C) Rat heart mitochondria. The data are mean ± standard error. *** p < 0.001 Palm-Carnitine (P-C) vs. P-C + Succinate (n = 5); ** p < 0.01 P-C vs. P-C + Glutamate; * p < 0.05 and No-Difference Palm-Carnitine vs. P-C + Pyruvate. Redrawn from ref [75].