Table 3.
Overview of preload, load and major results from in vitro creep tests. In cases where numerical values were not available, estimates were obtained from the figures. In cases where healthy and degenerate IVDs were tested, the data from the healthy IVDs were recorded. In cases of more than one level of preload or load, the data refer to the highest value. Max. refers to ‘Maximum’. EP refers to ‘Endplate’. The references are listed in chronological order.
| Ref. | Preload | Load | Results | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static | Cyclic | Static | Quasi-Static | Dynamic | Max. Pressure (MPa) | Max. Displacement (mm) or Strain (%) |
Stiffness (N/mm) | |
| [64] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.7 | |||||
| [65] | ☑ | 0.528 | ||||||
| [66] | ☑ | ☑ | 2.0 | |||||
| [67] | ☑ | ☑ | ☑ | 3.5 | ||||
| [33] | ☑ | 30% | ||||||
| [68] | ☑ | 1.4 | ||||||
| [69] | ☑ | 3 | 42% | |||||
| [70] | ☑ | ☑ | 5.2 | 4000 | ||||
| [71] | ☑ | 2.636 | ||||||
| [72] | ☑ | 0.55 | ||||||
| [73] | ☑ | |||||||
| [74] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.44 | |||||
| [75] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.2728 (tail); 0.1728 (lumbar) |
12.9 | ||||
| [76] | ☑ | ☑ | 3.1 | 3.2 | ||||
| [37] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.255 | 88.3 | ||||
| [77] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.67 (0.27 creep) |
2200 | ||||
| [78] | ☑ | ☑ | 3 | |||||
| [79] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.99 (0.32 creep) |
|||||
| [80] | ☑ | ☑ | ☑ | 0.7 (static); 0.5 (cyclic) |
||||
| [34] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.80 (porcine); 0.73 (baboon); 0.39 (sheep); 0.26 (rat lumbar); 0.11 (mouse lumbar) |
2491 (porcine); 1426 (baboon); 1432 ± 334; 78.1 (rat lumbar); 13.0 (mouse lumbar) |
||||
| [81] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.53(per day) | |||||
| [82] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.87 (per day) | |||||
| [83] | ☑ | ☑ | 3.1 (VB-disc-VB); 2.6 (only disc) |
|||||
| [84] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.34 ± 0.02 (caudal); 0.21 ± 0.06 (lumbar) |
|||||
| [85] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.45 | |||||
| [86] | ||||||||
| [32] | ☑ | ☑ | ||||||
| [87] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.0 | 82.7 ± 0.97 | ||||
| [35] | ☑ | ☑ | ☑ | 3.6(dynamic); 2.2 (static) |
2960 ± 500 | |||
| [88] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.51 | 43 ± 3% | 19 | |||
| [89] | ☑ | ☑ | 25% | |||||
| [90] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.0996 | 89 ± 11 | ||||
| [91] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.4 | |||||
| [92] | ☑ | ☑ | 2416 ± 304 | |||||
| [93] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.0795 | |||||
| [94] | 1.2 | |||||||
| [95] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1900 | |||
| [96] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.1 | |||||
| [97] | ☑ | ☑ | ☑ | 1.0 | 1200 | |||
| [98] | ☑ | 60% | ||||||
| [99] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.5 | |||||
| [100] | ☑ | ☑ | 2.5 | 2900 | ||||
| [46] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.15 | 5.7 (2.0 creep) | ||||
| [8] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.08 (creep-with EP); 0.75 (creep-without EP) | 670 (EP); 690 (without EP) |
||||
| [60] | ☑ | ☑ | 2.2 | |||||
| [101] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.52 ± 0.14 | |||||
| [102] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.46 (AF area) | |||||
| [103] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.7 | |||||
| [104] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.1 | |||||
| [105] | ☑ | ☑ | 1.2 | 1900 | ||||
| [106] | ☑ | 47% | ||||||
| [107] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.6 | 85 | ||||
| [108] | ☑ | ☑ | 7.2 | |||||
| [109] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.5 (0.3 creep) | 1900 | ||||
| [110] | ☑ | 25% | ||||||
| [111] | ☑ | ☑ | 0.16 | 15 | ||||