Table 2.
Summary of early-life gut microbiota-targeted therapies for CKD and its comorbidities.
| Gut Microbiota-Targeted Intervention | Animal Models | Species/Gender | Age at Evaluation |
Effects on CKD and Its Comorbidities | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | |||||
| Daily oral gavage of Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus (2 × 108 CFU/day) to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2018 [101] |
| Daily oral gavage of Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus (2 × 108 CFU/day) to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Perinatal high-fat diet | SD rat/M | 16 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2019 [102] |
| Prebiotics | |||||
| 5% w/w long chain inulin to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2018 [101] |
| 5% w/w long chain inulin to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Perinatal high-fat diet | SD rat/M | 16 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2019 [102] |
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Perinatal TCDD exposure model | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented renal inflammation and hypertension | Hsu et al., 2021 [103] |
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal adenine-induced CKD | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2020 [104] |
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal TMAO and ADMA exposure | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2021 [105] |
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water to mother rats from week 6 to week 12 | Pediatric adenine-induced CKD | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented renal dysfunction and hypertension | Hsu et al., 2021 [106] |
| Resveratrol butyrate ester (25 mg/L or 50 mg/L) in drinking water to young rats from week 6 to week 12 | Pediatric adenine-induced CKD | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented renal dysfunction and hypertension | Hsu et al., 2021 [106] |
| Daily oral gavage of garlic oil (100 mg/kg/day) to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Perinatal high-fat diet | SD rat/M | 16 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2021 [107] |
| Postbiotics | |||||
| Magnesium acetate (200 mmol/L) in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2019 [108] |
| 1% conjugated linoleic acid to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fat diet | SD rat/M | 18 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Gray et al., 2015 [109] |
| Others | |||||
| 1% DMB in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2019 [108] |
| 1% DMB in drinking water to mother rats from pregnancy through lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet and TCDD exposure | SD rat/M | 12 weeks | Prevented hypertension | Hsu et al., 2020 [110] |
Studies tabulated according to types of intervention, animal models, and age at evaluation. TCDD = 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; CKD = chronic kidney disease; TMAO = trimethylamine-N-oxide; ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; SD = Sprague-Dawley rat; DMB = 3,3-maternal dimethyl-1-butanol.