Table 4.
The characteristics of 3D-printed HA- and TCP-based bone scaffolds and study interventions.
| Author | 3D-Printed Scaffolds (Test) |
Additional Features to 3D-Printed Scaffolds |
Porosity/Pore Size | Pre-Intervention | Intervention | Additional Material to Cover/Fix 3D-Printed Scaffolds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrel et al., 2016 [46] | α-TCP and microcrystalline/CDHA (OsteoFlux) | Regular porosity and forms an interconnected network, scaffold’s macro-porosity 40% to 50% | Total porosity 50% to 65% | Extraction of mandibular first premolar to the first molar (both sides) | Guided bone regeneration | Collagen membrane |
| Fiorellini et al., 2018 [37] | HA (TheriRidge) | Macro-channel blocks with through and through mesial to distal channel (1.4 × 1.6 mm) or microchannel blocks with through and through buccal to lingual channel (20–50 μm) | NR | Extraction of mandibular first premolar to the first molar (both sides) | Alveolar ridge augmentation | Fixation screw |
| Kim et al., 2020 [43] | HA/TCP (6:4 ratio) (Genoss) | - | NR | Extraction of mandibular first premolar to the first molar (both sides) | Guided bone regeneration | Collagen membrane and fixation pins |
| Chang et al., 2021 [41] | 90 wt.% HA/10 wt.% 82:18 PLGA | Orthogonal pores | Pore size 400 × 400 μm Mean pore size of 0.420 ± 0.028 × 0.328 ± 0.005 mm2 |
- | Regeneration of mandibular critical-sized defects | - |
| Chang et al., 2021 [42] | 90 wt.% HA/10 wt.% 82:18 PLGA | Interconnected orthogonal pores with lid (6 mm diameter) to hold main body for the scaffold | Total porosity 37.78% ± 2.30% Pore size 400 × 400 μm Mean pore size 0.426 ± 0.041× 0.368 ± 0.015 mm2 |
- | Regeneration of mandibular critical-sized defects | - |
| Lopez et al., 2018 [38] | β-TCP | - | Pore spacing 330 μm | - | Regeneration of mandibular critical-sized defects | Plate and screws |
| Shao et al., 2018 [45] | β-TCP | - | Total porosity 57.3% ± 4.4% Pore size 302 ± 17.2 × 261 ± 12.9 μm | - | Regeneration of alveolar bone defect | - |
| Lopez et al., 2019 [39] | β-TCP (coated with DIPY or rhBMP-2) | - | Pore spacing 330 μm | - | Regeneration of alveolar bone defect | - |
| Lee et al., 2021 [44] | PCL/β-TCP (coated with bdECM) | 4 holes, diameter 1 mm | NR | Extraction of mandibular first premolar to the first molar (left side) | Mandibular reconstruction | Plate and screws |
| Shen et al., 2021 [40] | β-TCP (coated with DIPY) | - | Pore spacing 500 μm | - | Regeneration of alveolar bone defect | - |
TCP, Tricalcium phosphate; HA, Hydroxyapatite; CDHA, Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); RAM, RGD-functionalized alginate matrix; PCL, Polycaprolactone; bdECM, bone demineralized and decellularized extracellular matrix; DIPY, Dipyridamole; rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; NR, Not Reported.