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. 2022 Mar 22;27(7):2048. doi: 10.3390/molecules27072048

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Upon SAR-CoV-2 entry, the downregulation of ACE2 decreases its ability to degrade Ang I and Ang II into Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1–7), respectively. This is marked by excessive activation of the classical ACE-Ang II AT1R axis of RAS characterized by vasoconstriction, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. AGT: angiotensinogen; Ang I: angiotensin; Ang II: angiotensin II; AT1R: angiotensin II type I receptor; AT2R: angiotensin II type II receptor; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; MasR: Mas receptor.