Table 5.

Flavonoids in lupus nephritis.

Animal Models	Flavonoids	Functions	References
Pristane-induced lupus mice	Baicalin	Inducing Nrf2/HO-1 signal and NLRP3 expression	[195]
	Fisetin	Reducing Th17 cells; inhibiting the CXCL signaling pathway	[204]
	Quercetin	Increasing CAT and SOD1 expressions; lowering IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, Bax, and TBARS	[199]
Lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice	Baicalin	Inhibiting mTOR activation; reducing mTOR-mediated Tfh cell expansion; increasing Tfr cells	[196]
	Naringenin	Decreasing anti-nuclear and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies; increasing the percentage of Treg cells	[197]
	Icariin	Suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome and the NF-κB signaling pathway	[198]
	Procyanidin B2	Inhibiting IL-1β, IL-18, and NLRP3 inflammasome	[201]
	Astilbin	Decreasing functional activated T and B cells	[205]
Lupus-prone SNF1 mice	Epigallocatechin-3- gallate	Enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome	[203]
	Apigenin	Inhibiting autoantigen-presenting and stimulatory functions of APCs; causing apoptosis of hyperactive lupus APCs and T and B cells	[202]
Chronic GVHD mouse model	Quercitrin	Inhibiting CD4 + T cell activation	[200]