Table 1.

Clinical studies on peripheral antioxidant capacity in pre-T2DM, T2DM with and without complications.

No.	Study Population	Sample	Biomarkers	Observations	Reference
1	T2DM with CVD (n = 69) T2DM without CVD (n = 48) Control (n = 42)	erythrocyte	GPx SOD	↓ Decreased GPx and SOD in T2DM with CVD	[42]
2	T2DM (n = 20) Control (n = 20)	plasma and erythrocyte	GPx	↓ Decreased erythrocyte-GPx and plasma-GPx in T2DM	[38]
3	T2DM (n = 57) Control (n = 41)	serum	SOD TBARS	↑ Increased TBARS in T2DM No differences in SOD between T2DM and control	[40]
4	T2DM (n = 59) Control (n = 48)	serum	GPx SOD MDA	↓ Decreased GPx in T2DM ↑ Increased SOD in T2DM ↑ Increased MDA in T2DM	[35]
5	T2DM and NASH (n = 60) T2DM without NASH (n = 55) Control (n = 50)	serum	MDA	↑ Higher MDA in T2DM and NASH	[41]
6	T2DM (n = 115) Control (n = 32)	plasma	GPx	↓ Lower GPx level in T2DM	[37]
7	T2DM (n = 100) Control (n = 100)	serum	GPx SOD MDA	↓ Decreased GPx and SOD level in T2DM ↑ Increased MDA in T2DM	[34]
8	T2DM (n = 83) Control (n = 81)	serum	SOD MDA	↓ Lower SOD level in T2DM ↑ Higher MDA level in T2DM	[39]
9	Controlled-T2DM (n = 80) Uncontrolled T2DM (n = 80) Control (n = 100)	serum	GPx MDA	↓ Reduced GPx in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM; ↑ Increased MDA in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM	[36]

CVD: cardiovascular disease; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SOD: superoxide dismutase; T2DM: type II diabetes mellitus.