Table 4.
Comparison of GNP-ligand physical parameters and their effect on HepG2 cells.
| Ligand | DLS Size (nm) ± 2 |
Physio-Logical Charge | Cell Internalization % |
Fold Change in Cytotoxicity/Relative Cytotoxicity | Apoptosis Induction Time |
Cytotoxicity % (xCELLigence) |
DNA Damage | DNA Repair |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA | 23.32 | Negative | 2 | 50.0 | Stepwise | 0 | Yes | Yes |
| Citrate | 17.4 | Negative | 17 | 5.9 | Stepwise | 4 | Yes | No |
| GSH | 17.33 | Negative | 92 | 1.1 | 3 h | 20 | Yes | Yes |
| MUA | 17.21 | Negative | 10 | 10.0 | 6 h | 18 | Yes | No |
| PEG | 18.86 | Neutral | 22 | 4.5 | 3 h | 22 | Yes | No |
| PSSNA | 17.26 | Negative | 23 | 4.3 | 3 h | 14 | Yes | Yes |
| PVP | 18.96 | Negative | 32 | 3.1 | 3 h | 17 | Yes | Yes |