Table 1.

Role of antioxidants on vascular diseases.

Antioxidants	Effect on antioxidant system	Reference
CoQ10	Activating AMPK-YAP-OPA1 pathway, decrease mitochondrial superoxide	116
Resveratrol (RES)	As a phytoestrogen, decrease NOX, mitochondrial superoxide	54,81
Zn	Combines with SOD3 as a cofactor	86-88
Catalase	Detoxify hydrogen peroxide into water	117
GSH-Px	Reducing properties	117
Statins	Decrease NOX, prevent eNOs uncoupling	93
Lithium chloride (LiCl)	Regulation GSK3β/SIRT1/NF-κB cascade, decrease inflammation, MMPs, and superoxide	72,95
β-Carotene	β-Carotene	117
Vitamin C	Water-soluble antioxidant	119
Vitamin E	Activated to α-tocopherol, preventing lipid per-oxidation	117
Melatonin	Via activation of SIRT1 signaling in a receptor-dependent manner.	69