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. 2022 Apr 11;12:6037. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09693-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Voltage vs time graph demonstrating the low energies required to produce oxide coatings on T1 Ti alloys using eco-friendly PEO electrolytic baths. (b) As-received T1 Ti alloy machined to 8 mm × 20 mm × 0.1 mm substrate dimensions for PEO treatment. (c) PEO-treated T1 alloys with silicates in the organo-alkaline bath. The ceramic coating, Ti-A, is continuous and bluish grey in appearance. (d) PEO treated T1 alloys with silicates and aminophenol in the organo-alkaline bath (Ti-B). The coatings, Ti-A and Ti-B, appear to be visually similar. Photo credit: F. Hou (b–d).