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. 2022 Apr 11;12:6037. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09693-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Surface morphology of Ti-A: the figure shows the porous oxide layer on T1 alloy treated in PEO bath. The cracks and variation in the pore sizes are typical of a treated Ti surface. (b) Surface morphology of Ti-B: addition of aminophenol to the PEO bath modified the pore structure of the PEO-treated Ti coating. The pores are relatively uniform in size and appear to have a more uniform distribution on the surface. (c) Cross-sectional morphology of Ti-A showing the pore-distribution along the depth of the coating. (d) Cross-sectional morphology of Ti-B; the pore distribution is more uniform compared to Ti-A. Additionally, the image also shows the propagation of surface cracks through along the depth of the coating.