Table 3.
Phenobarbital treatment failure considering demographic and pharmacological characteristics
| Treatment failure | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Sex | |||||
| Men | 15 | 188 | 1 | 1 | |
| Women | 5 | 147 | 0.43 (0.15–1.20) | 0.47 (0.15–1.42) | |
| Age | |||||
| > 40 years | 12 | 130 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≤ 40 years | 8 | 205 | 0.42 (0.17–1.06) | 0.42 (0.16–1.12) | |
| Employment | |||||
| No | 3 | 75 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 | 55 | 0.81 (0.28–2.28) | 0.45 (0.14–1.42) | |
| Psychiatric comorbidities | |||||
| No | 6 | 78 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 14 | 257 | 0.71 (0.26–1.90) | 1.07 (0.36–3.17) | |
| Alcohol co-abuse | |||||
| No | 13 | 222 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 7 | 113 | 1.06 (0.41–2.72) | 0.94 (0.35–2.49) | |
| Drugs co-abuse | |||||
| No | 15 | 237 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 5 | 98 | 0.81 (0.28–2.28) | 0.45 (0.14–1.42) | |
| Opioid maintenance therapy | |||||
| No | 12 | 236 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 8 | 99 | 1.59 (0.63–4.00) | 1.53 (0.54–4.30) | |
| PHB equivalents at admission (mg/day) | |||||
| > 300 | 5 | 87 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≤ 300 | 15 | 248 | 1.05 (0.37–2.98) | 0.91 (0.32–2.63) | |
| Number of abused active substances | |||||
| = 1 | 14 | 243 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥ 2 | 6 | 92 | 1.13 (0.42–3.03) | 0.90 (0.29–2.83) | |
| Plasma half-life | |||||
| Long | 2 | 32 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intermediate | 15 | 250 | 0.96 (0.21–4.39) | 0.74 (0.12–4.38) | |
| Short + very short | 3 | 53 | 0.91 (0.14–5.71) | 0.62 (0.08–4.90) | |
| Formulation | |||||
| Tablets | 5 | 118 | 1 | 1 | |
| Drops | 12 | 174 | 1.73 (0.56–4.74) | 1.89 (0.60–5.97) | |
| Both | 3 | 43 | 1.65 (0.38–7.18) | 1.45 (0.26–8.19) | |
| Administration route | |||||
| Intravenous | 1 | 15 | 1 | 1 | |
| Oral | 19 | 315 | 0.90 (0.11–7.22) | 1.59 (0.18–13.76) | |
| Both | 0 | 5 | – | – | |
| Supportive BZD | |||||
| No | 7 | 157 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 13 | 178 | 1.64 (0.64–4.21) | 1.78 (0.67–4.76) | |
| Supportive CDZ | |||||
| No | 13 | 201 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 7 | 134 | 0.81 (0.31–2.08) | 0.88 (0.33–2.33) | |
| Supportive GBP | |||||
| No | 9 | 200 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 11 | 135 | 1.81 (0.73–4.49) | 1.49 (0.58–3.82) | |
| Supportive TZD | |||||
| No | 16 | 271 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 4 | 64 | 1.06 (0.34–3.27) | 1.24 (0.39–3.99) | |
| Supportive psychiatric therapy | |||||
| No | 8 | 67 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 12 | 268 | 0.37 (0.15–0.95) | 0.42 (0.15–1.12) | |
Adjustment by age, sex, phenobarbital equivalents, number of abused active substances, plasma half-life, and formulation
Opioid maintenance therapy: buprenorphine or methadone
BZD benzodiazepine, CDZ chlordiazepoxide, CI confidence interval, GBP gabapentin, OR odds ratio, PHB phenobarbital, TZD trazodone