Table 8.
Game elements used in gamified educational interventions*
| Citations | Game elements (the number of studies that used the element) and the number of articles using these elements in every citation |
|---|---|
| Huang et al., 2020 | Points/experience (24), Leaderboards (23), Badges/awards (22), Competition (21 ), Responsive feedback (19), Advancement/levels (14), Quests/missions/modules (12), Collaboration (9), Avatars/customization (8), Timed activity (6), Performance graphs (6), Non-linear navigation (5), Adaptivity/personalization (5), Narrative/storytelling (5) |
| Zainuddin et al., 2020 | Point (38), Leaderboard (33), Badges (33), Levels (21), Trophies (7), Avatars (6), Gift (5), Progress bar (5), ranking (5) |
| Indriasari et al., 2020 | Points (27), Leaderboards (22), Badges (26), Progress Bar (5), Virtual Gift (5), Level (4), Mission/ Quest (2), Prize (1) |
| (Subhash & Cudney, 2018) | Point, leaderboard, badge, level, feedback, collaboration, graphics, design (goals, rules, time limit, competition), narrative, freedom to fail, real reward, role play |
| Ortiz-Rojas et al., 2017 | Badges (13), Leaderboard (10), Points (6), Levels (4), Ranking (4), Challenges (3), Trophies (3), Virtual Currency (1), Feedback (1), Hearts (1), Quests (1), Scoring (1), Achievements (1), Avatars (1), Awards (1) |
| Kim & Castelli, 2021 | Badges 15, leaderboard 14, points 13, progress bar 5, Challenge2, levels 2, avatar2, goals 1, peer assessment 1 , storytelling1, prize1 |
| Garcia et al., 2020 | Feedback (29), Pontuation (29), Levels (25), Rewards (21), Goals (19), Cooperation (15), Narrative (15), Real time (8), Objective History (1) |
| Kalogiannakis et al., 2021 | Competition (15), points (13), levels (12), Leaderboard (12), Progression (11), Badges (6), Time- pressure (5), Rewards (4), Cooperation (4), Storytelling (3), Quizzes (3), Avatar (3), Score (2), Story-based (2), Narrative (2), Challenges (2), Collaboration (2), Stats (1), Repeat-testing (1), Puzzle (1), prizes (1), Goals/objectives (1), Feedback (1) |
| Dehghanzadeh et al., 2019 | Feedback (22), Challenge (12), Reward (11), Point (11), Leaderboard (8), Level (7), Time pressure (6), Progress bar (6), Badge (5), Score system (3), Like or dislike (3), Narration (2), Answer question (2), Quest (2), Story (2),Achievement (2), Avatar (2), Character system (2), Curiosity (2), Emoticon (1),Fantasy (1), Mission (1), Virtual credit(1), Medal (1), Performance graph (1), Use of social media (1), Warning signal (1), Wall (1), Control (1), Appreciation (1), Freedom to fail (1), Chatting with users (1), Message (1), User guidance (1), Status (1), Rule (1), Specific phrases (1), Competition (1), Uploading (1), Chunking(1), Correctness bar (1), Peer assessment (1), Error typing (1), Profile (1), New feed (1) |
| Van Gaalen et al., 2021 | Scoring/Points (15),Competition (13), Rewards (7), Time (6), Teams (4), Levelling (3), Crossword puzzle (2), Spaced-learning (2), Social network (2), Surprise (2), Role playing (1), Avatar (1), curiosity (1), Progress (1), signposting (1) , Mystery character (1), Awards (1), Badges (1), Chance (1) |
| Alomari et al., 2019 | Points (30), Badges (27), leaderboards (25), Levels (14), Progress bar (5), Challenge (4), Feedback (4), Achievement rewards (3), Avatars (3), Quests (2), Ranking (2), Rewards (2), Social engagement (1), Storyline (1), Thumbs –ups (1), Trophies (1), Win-state (1), Real gifts (1), Reputation (1), Narrative (1), Progressive levels (1), group competition (1), Comparisons (1), Constraints (1), Cards (1), Awards (1) |
| Ortiz et al., 2016 | Combination (18), Badges (7), Leaderboard (2), Points (1), Challenge (1), Quests (1) |
| Ekici, 2021 | Points (17), Badges (14), Leaderboard (8), Levels (2), Progress bar (1), Virtual coins (1), Virtual Objects (1), Rewards (1) |
| Manzano-León et al., 2021 | Points (10), Narrative (8), Badges (7), Ranking (6), Rewards (6), Challenge (4), Prize (3), Levels (3), Playful activities (2), Tasks (2), Events (1), Roles (1), Feedback (1), Choices (1), Competition (1), Achievements (1) |
| Tenório et al., 2018 | Badges (9), Points (8), Leaderboard (6), Level (5), Avatar image (4), Teams (4), Avatar in 3D (3), Social Graph (3),Virtual Goods (2) |
| Bai et al., 2020 | Badges + leaderboard/rank + points (8), Badges + leaderboard/rank + levels/unlock + points (6), Badges + points (4), Points (3), Badges + levels/unlock + points (3), Avatar+leaderboard/rank+levels/unlock +points+progress bar+team (collaboration, competition) (3) |
| Bai et al., 2019 | Badges + leaderboard/rank + level/unlock + points: (4), Badges + leaderboard/rank + points (2), Badges + points + progress bar (1), Badges + leaderboard/rank + level/unlock + progress bar (1), Badges + leaderboard/rank + level/unlock (1), Badges (1), Badges + leaderboard/rank (1), Level/rank + points (1), Avatar + badges + leaderboard/rank + level/unlock + points + word notification (1) |
* The numbers in the table refer to the number of articles with this situation in each systematic or meta-analysis(Citation)